Racing Brake Rotors

Girodisc Porsche 986/987/996/997.1 Front Rotors The Girodisc system is a direct replacement for the OE disc with the addition of the included caliper spacers and longer bolts. This upgrade increases the rotor diameter from 317mm to 340mm, improving braking force, cooling capacity, and pedal feel. It’s a true bolt-on upgrade that retains your factory calipers and ABS function while reducing unsprung and rotational mass for quicker suspension response and acceleration. Lightweight, High-Performance 2-Piece Rotors The central hat section is machined from U.S.-sourced 6061-T6 aircraft-grade aluminum, while the rotor rings are Girodisc’s proprietary high-carbon cast iron. Each component is made in the USA and machined in-house for precision fitment and consistency. The rotors feature a curved vane design that acts as a centrifugal pump, drawing cooling air through the disc during use for superior heat management on both street and track. Girodisc A1-031 Features Upgrades OE 317mm discs to 340mm for greater thermal capacity and stopping power Floating mount system with 10 cadmium-plated steel drive pins for controlled float and quiet operation Reduces unsprung and rotational mass for sharper handling Fully serviceable—replace just the rotor rings when worn Includes caliper spacers and longer bolts for proper fitment Designed, cast, and machined in the USA Vehicle Fitment Works with factory calipers—no permanent modifications required. Includes caliper spacers and longer bolts. Porsche 986 Boxster S (2000–2004, all non-Big-Red applications) Porsche 987 Boxster / Cayman (2005–2012, non-S) Porsche 996 Carrera (1999–2004, non-Turbo / non-GT) Porsche 997.1 Carrera (2005–2008, non-S) Does not fit: 996/997 Turbo, GT3/GT2, PCCB/ceramic brake packages, or 997.2 models. Technical Specifications Diameter: 340mm (OE 317mm) Vane Design: Curved, directional Hat Material: 6061-T6 aluminum, black anodized Ring Material: High-carbon cast iron Hardware: 10 floating drive pins with Class 12.9 fasteners Sold/Price: Per pair Girodisc A1-031 FAQs Do I need different brake pads? No. These rotors retain the factory caliper and pad shape—just choose your preferred compound for street or track use. Will these make noise like race rotors? No. Girodisc’s spring washer hardware prevents the rattle commonly found in floating rotors while maintaining proper float for thermal expansion. Are the rings replaceable? Yes. The design allows you to replace only the iron rings and reuse the aluminum hats, saving long-term cost. Can I use these for track days? Absolutely. They’re engineered to handle repeated heat cycles without warping or cracking when paired with proper pads and fluid. Upgrade your Porsche braking system with precision-engineered Girodisc rotors. Order today and experience improved stopping performance and reduced weight.

Girodisc 350mm Porsche 996 / 991 / 992 Rear Rotors (with Spacers & Bolts) The Girodisc A2-032B Rear Rotor Kit is a premium direct-fit replacement for Porsche 996, 991, and 992 models. Engineered for high-performance driving, this system includes caliper spacers and longer bolts to accommodate the larger 350mm rotors. The result is improved braking torque, enhanced cooling efficiency, and reduced unsprung mass—all while retaining factory fitment and ABS calibration. Lightweight Design & Increased Performance Each Girodisc rotor assembly pairs a CNC-machined 6061-T6 aluminum hat with a proprietary cast iron disc. The 2-piece design significantly reduces rotational mass compared to OEM rotors, improving suspension response and acceleration. The curved vane design acts as a centrifugal pump, drawing air through the rotor to enhance cooling and resist fade under extreme braking conditions. Precision Floating Mount System The rotors feature Girodisc’s race-proven floating mount design with 10 cadmium-plated steel drive pins connecting the iron ring to the aluminum hat. These pins allow the disc to expand radially under high temperatures without warping, ensuring consistent pad contact. Anti-noise spring washers eliminate rattle, maintaining quiet operation suitable for street and track use alike. Girodisc A2-032B 350mm 2pc Porsche Rear Rotor Vehicle Fitment Porsche 996 Carrera / Carrera 4 / Carrera 4S Porsche 991 Carrera / Carrera 4 / Carrera GTS (Base models require S/4S/GTS rear pad shape for full rotor sweep) Porsche 992 Carrera / Carrera S / Carrera 4S Direct bolt-on installation with supplied spacers and hardware Technical Specifications CMS Number: A2-032B Position: Rear Rotor Diameter: 350mm (includes caliper spacers & longer bolts) Design: 2-piece floating rotor assembly Material: Proprietary cast iron with 6061-T6 aluminum hat Vane Design: Curved directional vanes for improved airflow Hardware: Cadmium-plated steel drive pins, class 12.9 screws, anti-noise washers Rebuildable: Yes — replace rotor rings, reuse aluminum hats Sold/Price: Per pair Girodisc A2-032B 350mm 2pc Porsche Rear Rotor FAQs Do these rotors fit all Porsche 996, 991, and 992 models? Yes. However, 991 base Carrera models must use the S/4S/GTS rear pad shape for full pad sweep. What is included with this kit? Each kit includes two 350mm rotors, caliper spacers, and longer mounting bolts for a complete direct installation. Are modifications required? No. The supplied hardware makes this a true bolt-on upgrade using factory calipers and lines. What are the main benefits over stock rotors? Improved cooling, reduced weight, better pedal response, and replaceable rings for long-term cost savings. Upgrade your Porsche’s braking system with the Girodisc A2-032B Rear Rotor Kit. Experience reduced fade, sharper braking response, and long-term durability whether on the street or at the track.

D1-224 Girodisc Alfa Romeo Giulia, Stelvio QV Front Replacement Rings Enhance the precision and consistency of your Alfa Romeo Quadrifoglio’s braking system with Girodisc D1-224 380 mm front replacement rings. These high-performance rings bolt directly to your existing Girodisc aluminum hats using the included floating hardware kit. Cast from Girodisc’s proprietary high-carbon iron alloy, they deliver excellent heat management, reduced fade, and consistent pedal feel during aggressive street or track driving. Vehicle Fitment Compatible with:• Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio (2017+) – front axle• Alfa Romeo Stelvio Quadrifoglio (2018+) – front axleNote: Designed exclusively for Girodisc 380 mm two-piece front rotor systems. Not compatible with OEM one-piece or carbon-ceramic rotors. Features • Sold as a left/right pair with complete floating hardware kit• Direct replacements for Girodisc 380 mm two-piece front rotors• CNC-machined from high-carbon cast iron for durability and thermal stability• Directional curved vanes maximize airflow and heat dissipation• Maintains factory brake bias and ABS calibration• Designed exclusively for Girodisc aluminum hats – not compatible with OEM or other brands Specifications • Diameter: 380 mm• Position: Front• Material: High-carbon cast iron• Mount type: Floating two-piece system• Includes: Two rotor rings and new hardware kit• Sold/priced per pair Girodisc D1-224 Alfa Romeo Giulia / Stelvio QV Front Replacement Ring FAQs Are these compatible with the factory carbon-ceramic brake option? No. The D1-224 rings are designed for steel Girodisc two-piece systems only and will not fit the OEM carbon-ceramic setup. Will these rings change pedal feel or braking balance? Not at all. They maintain factory brake bias and deliver a firmer, more consistent pedal feel thanks to the floating rotor design. Can I use these for both daily driving and track days? Yes. They’re quiet and smooth on the street but engineered to handle repeated high-temperature stops during spirited or track use. Do these require special installation or bedding procedures? Standard bedding is recommended — gradually heating the pads and rotors through a few controlled stops ensures even pad transfer and optimal braking performance. Upgrade your Alfa Romeo Giulia or Stelvio Quadrifoglio with Girodisc D1-224 380 mm front replacement rings — precision-engineered for cooling, longevity, and repeatable braking performance on road or track.

D2-159 Girodisc McLaren 380mm Rear Replacement Rings Refresh the braking performance of your McLaren with Girodisc D2-159 380mm rear replacement rings. These are direct-fit replacements for Girodisc two-piece rear rotors, designed to bolt to your existing aluminum hats using the included floating hardware kit. Replace only the wear surface and maintain your lightweight, high-performance Girodisc setup. Vehicle Fitment Compatible with:• McLaren MP4-12C (rear)• McLaren 570S / 570GT (rear)• McLaren 650S (rear)• McLaren 675LT (rear)• McLaren 720S (rear)Note: For vehicles equipped with Girodisc 380mm two-piece rear rotor systems. Not compatible with OEM or carbon-ceramic rotors. Features • Sold as a left/right pair and includes full hardware kit• Direct replacements for Girodisc 380mm two-piece rear rotors• CNC-machined from high-carbon cast iron for superior heat control• Curved directional vanes increase cooling efficiency• Maintains OEM brake balance and ABS calibration• Designed exclusively for Girodisc aluminum hats – not compatible with OEM or other brands Specifications • Diameter: 380mm• Position: Rear• Material: High-carbon cast iron• Mount type: Floating two-piece system• Includes: Two rings and new hardware kit• Sold/priced per pair Girodisc D2-159 Replacement Ring FAQs Will these fit OEM McLaren rotors? No. These are made specifically for Girodisc two-piece rotor hats and will not fit factory or carbon-ceramic assemblies. Are both sides included? Yes. Each D2-159 kit includes both left and right replacement rings plus a complete hardware kit. Why replace just the rings instead of the full rotor? It saves cost, retains your Girodisc hats, and restores performance without replacing the full assembly. Can I reuse the old hardware? No. Always install the new floating hardware included in the kit for proper fitment and long-term safety. Upgrade your McLaren’s braking performance with Girodisc D2-159 380mm rear replacement rings — engineered for durability, heat control, and consistent stopping power on both street and track.

Girodisc VW / Audi MQB Rear Rotor Rings The Girodisc D2-171 Rear Replacement Rotor Rings are precision-built replacements for Girodisc two-piece rear rotors on Volkswagen and Audi MQB-platform vehicles. Designed to restore braking performance, heat management, and longevity, these rings deliver the same proven Girodisc quality and performance trusted by track enthusiasts and daily drivers alike. Vehicle Fitment • Volkswagen Golf R (Mk7 / Mk7.5 / Mk8) – Rear• Volkswagen GTI (Mk7 / Mk7.5 / Mk8) – Rear• Audi S3 (8V / 8Y) – Rear• Audi TTS (Mk3) – Rear• Audi A3 (MQB platform) – Rear• Designed for Girodisc two-piece rotor systems• Will not fit OEM or non-Girodisc two-piece rotors Precision-Engineered for the MQB Platform Each Girodisc D2-171 ring is cast and machined in the USA using Girodisc’s proprietary high-carbon iron alloy for strength, heat capacity, and consistent friction properties. The curved vane internal structure acts as a centrifugal air pump, drawing cooling air through the rotor to minimize fade and maintain braking stability. Sold as a pair, the kit includes new hardware and installs directly to your existing Girodisc aluminum hats for a perfect fit. Features • Size: 310mm diameter (D2-171 configuration)• Direct replacement for Girodisc VW / Audi MQB rear rotors• Cast from Girodisc proprietary high-carbon iron alloy• Internal curved vane design for optimized cooling airflow• Includes full hardware kit for installation• Reuses Girodisc aluminum hats• Maintains OEM brake bias and ABS operation• Sold/priced per pair• Not compatible with OEM or non-Girodisc hats Girodisc D2-171 VW / Audi MQB Rear Replacement Rotor Rings FAQs Can I reuse my Girodisc aluminum hats? Yes. These rings are designed to bolt directly to your existing Girodisc hats with the included hardware kit. Are these compatible with OEM or factory rotors? No. Girodisc rings are engineered specifically for Girodisc two-piece rotor systems and will not fit OEM or other aftermarket hats. What’s included in the kit? Two rear iron rotor rings (left and right) and all required installation hardware, including bolts, washers, and drive pins. Are the rotors directional? Yes. Each rotor features directional curved vanes—install the correct left and right rotors for proper airflow and cooling. Do these improve performance over OEM rotors? Absolutely. Girodisc rotors reduce unsprung weight, improve thermal management, and maintain consistent braking response under high-performance driving conditions. Are they sold as a pair? Yes. The Girodisc D2-171 VW / Audi MQB Rear Replacement Rotor Rings are sold and priced per pair and include all necessary hardware for installation. Maintain optimal braking performance on your VW or Audi MQB platform with Girodisc D2-171 Rear Replacement Rotor Rings—crafted in the USA for superior durability, cooling, and precision fitment.

PORSCHE 981 BOXSTER S/CAYMAN S FRONT CALIPER REBUILD KIT Track days can be especially hard on the piston seals and dust boots in your brake calipers. Heat, in particular, will do a number on them. (Titanium heat shields behind your pads can help with that.)  This kit is put together from the highest-quality components to rebuild a brake caliper back to like-new condition. One kit is required per caliper (we suggest doing them both as long as you're doing it).  Once you rebuild them, get the Ti heat shields as well and lengthen the interval between rebuilds.  The shields and seals are available as a kit for convenience (and a bit of savings). We only source superior quality brake components (brakes for track use are serious business); some kits don't take it as seriously.  Any questions give us a call, we're happy to help!

PORSCHE FRONT CALIPER REBUILD KIT Track days can be especially hard on the piston seals and dust boots in your brake calipers. Heat, in particular, will do a number on them. (Titanium heat shields behind your pads can help with that.)  This kit is put together from the highest-quality components to rebuild a brake caliper back to like-new condition. One kit is required per caliper (we suggest doing them both as long as you're doing it).  Once you rebuild them, get the Ti heat shields as well and lengthen the interval between rebuilds.  The shields and seals are available as a kit for convenience (and a bit of savings). We only source superior quality brake components (brakes for track use are serious business); some kits don't take it as seriously.  Any questions give us a call, we're happy to help!

PORSCHE PCCB FRONT CALIPER REBUILD KIT Track days can be especially hard on the piston seals and dust boots in your brake calipers. Heat, in particular, will do a number on them. (Titanium heat shields behind your pads can help with that.)  This kit is put together from the highest-quality components to rebuild a brake caliper back to like-new condition. One kit is required per caliper (we suggest doing them both as long as you're doing it).  Once you rebuild them, get the Ti heat shields as well and lengthen the interval between rebuilds.  The shields and seals are available as a kit for convenience (and a bit of savings). We only source superior quality brake components (brakes for track use are serious business); some kits don't take it as seriously.  Any questions give us a call, we're happy to help!

355x35mm Replacement Rotor Rings (D52) When your Girodisc rotors reach the end of their service life, these Girodisc GD355.35.52 Replacement Rings are the perfect refresh. Designed for the D52 series 355x35mm two-piece rotor assemblies, this replacement set restores the braking performance and precision Girodisc is known for—without replacing your original aluminum hats. Manufactured in the USA from Girodisc’s proprietary high-carbon cast iron alloy, these rotor rings deliver outstanding thermal capacity, reduced brake fade, and the durability demanded by high-performance driving and track use. They’re a direct bolt-on replacement using your existing Girodisc hats, saving cost while maintaining full performance and reliability. Features and Benefits Direct replacements for Girodisc D52 355x35mm two-piece rotors Machined from proprietary high-carbon cast iron for superior heat resistance 48 curved directional vanes maximize airflow for consistent cooling Balanced and matched to OEM tolerances for vibration-free braking Includes all new drive pins, bolts, and washers Lightweight design minimizes unsprung mass while maximizing stopping power Made and machined entirely in the USA Compatibility Designed exclusively for Girodisc D52 355x35mm rotor assemblies. These rings are only compatible with Girodisc aluminum hats. They are not designed to fit OEM or other aftermarket two-piece rotor systems. Why Choose Girodisc Girodisc rotors are precision-engineered to perform under the most demanding conditions. Every component is CAD-modeled, CNC-machined, and track-tested to deliver exceptional performance, fade resistance, and thermal stability. When it’s time to refresh your setup, Girodisc replacement rings give you the braking feel and control of a brand-new system—without the added cost of new hats. FAQs Do these include the aluminum hats?No. The GD355.35.52 kit includes only the rotor rings and new hardware. Your existing Girodisc hats are reused. Are these compatible with OEM rotors?No. Girodisc replacement rings are engineered specifically for Girodisc hats and will not fit OEM or other aftermarket rotor systems. What’s included in the box?A pair of 355x35mm rotor rings (left and right) and a complete hardware kit including drive pins, bolts, and washers. Are these rotors directional?Yes. Each ring features curved internal vanes optimized for airflow and cooling. Be sure to install them on the correct sides for maximum performance. Ready to Refresh Your Brakes? Restore your Girodisc system to peak performance with the GD355.35.52 355x35mm Replacement Rings. Designed for precision, strength, and cooling efficiency, they’re the ultimate choice for maintaining the world-class braking feel you expect from Girodisc. Order your set today from Competition Motorsport and get back to braking perfection.

380x34mm Replacement Rings for Brembo Wide Annulus (D62) Renew your Brembo big brake kit’s stopping performance with the Girodisc GD380.34.62BR Replacement Rings. Designed as a direct replacement for 380x34mm Brembo wide annulus two-piece rotors, these precision-machined rings deliver exceptional thermal stability, strength, and fade resistance under demanding street or track use. Manufactured in the USA from Girodisc’s proprietary high-carbon cast iron alloy, each ring is engineered to handle high heat cycles and extreme braking forces without distortion or cracking. The D62 wide annulus design matches Brembo’s 62mm pad contact area, ensuring maximum pad engagement and consistent braking performance lap after lap. Features and Benefits Direct replacement rings for 380x34mm Brembo big brake kits using a 62mm wide annulus pad Bolts directly to existing Brembo aluminum hats using original hardware Machined from proprietary U.S.-poured high-carbon cast iron for superior heat capacity 48 curved directional vanes maximize airflow and cooling efficiency Lightweight two-piece floating design reduces unsprung weight and improves brake response Fully machined, balanced, and assembled in the USA Hardware Information These rings bolt to the existing Brembo hats using the factory hardware. New hardware is not included with this set but can be sourced if your existing fasteners show wear or damage. Compatibility Fits Brembo big brake kits featuring 380x34mm rotors with a 62mm wide annulus pad design. Compatible with both street and track-oriented Brembo systems using two-piece floating rotor assemblies. Why Choose Girodisc Girodisc combines racing heritage with cutting-edge engineering to deliver replacement components that outperform OEM parts. The GD380.34.62BR rings restore your Brembo system’s braking precision and consistency while maintaining the lightweight performance benefits of your existing hats. Each ring is heat-treated and balanced for dependable, fade-free performance under extreme braking conditions. FAQs Do these include the aluminum hats?No. The GD380.34.62BR kit includes only the rotor rings. You will reuse your existing Brembo hats. Is hardware included?No. These rings bolt to your Brembo hats using your existing hardware. Replacement hardware can be ordered separately if needed. Are these compatible with OEM rotors?No. These are designed exclusively for 380x34mm Brembo big brake kits using a 62mm wide annulus pad and will not fit OEM one-piece rotors. Are they directional?Yes. Each ring features curved internal vanes and must be installed on the correct side for optimal cooling and airflow. Ready to Refresh? When it’s time to restore the braking precision of your Brembo big brake kit, the Girodisc GD380.34.62BR 380x34mm Replacement Rings deliver the performance, durability, and cooling efficiency you expect. Order your set today from Competition Motorsport and get your system back to race-ready perfection.

PORSCHE 981 BOXSTER S/CAYMAN S REAR CALIPER REBUILD KIT Track days can be especially hard on the piston seals and dust boots in your brake calipers. Heat, in particular, will do a number on them. (Titanium heat shields behind your pads can help with that.)  This kit is put together from the highest-quality components to rebuild a brake caliper back to like-new condition. One kit is required per caliper (we suggest doing them both as long as you're doing it).  Once you rebuild them, get the Ti heat shields as well and lengthen the interval between rebuilds.  The shields and seals are available as a kit for convenience (and a bit of savings). We only source superior quality brake components (brakes for track use are serious business); some kits don't take it as seriously.  Any questions give us a call, we're happy to help!

PORSCHE REAR CALIPER REBUILD KIT Track days can be especially hard on the piston seals and dust boots in your brake calipers. Heat, in particular, will do a number on them. (Titanium heat shields behind your pads can help with that.)  This kit is put together from the highest-quality components to rebuild a brake caliper back to like-new condition. One kit is required per caliper (we suggest doing them both as long as you're doing it).  Once you rebuild them, get the Ti heat shields as well and lengthen the interval between rebuilds.  The shields and seals are available as a kit for convenience (and a bit of savings). We only source superior quality brake components (brakes for track use are serious business); some kits don't take it as seriously.  Any questions give us a call, we're happy to help!

The problem of brake fluid boiling is simply traced to heat transferring from the rotors and pads directly into the fluid through the caliper pistons.  When brake fluid boils, it releases air that is normally part of the molecular structure of the fluid.  This air is compressible, of course, and the brake pedal goes to the floor instead of moving the caliper pistons.  Production cars tend to suffer from this on track days because they don't have the extensive cooling ducts and exotic brake materials found on racing cars.   Race-only brake calipers generally come with titanium caliper pistons for one reason: titanium has low thermal conductivity. This means it's very bad at transferring heat, which is good if you're trying to keep your brake fluid from boiling.  Here's a comparison of materials and their relative thermal conductivity ratings (lower is better): Titanium 6AL-4V = 6.7 W/mk Steel = 52 W/mk Aluminum = 130 W/mk Most fixed calipers use aluminum pistons which are, unfortunately, excellent at transferring braking heat to your brake fluid. Our solution is to place Girodisc's thin titanium shims between the brake pad and the caliper pistons. This helps prevent braking heat from transferring into the pistons and, thus, into the fluid.  For cars that are going to see hard or multiple track days, these shims are affordable protection from losing your brake pedal at the wrong time and making your track day very expensive. Water jet cut to exact size; no cutting, grinding, or swearing involved. Price is per axle (four shims)

Girodisc Titanium Brake Pad Shields Fitment: Porsche 991, 992, GT4 (Front) The problem of brake fluid boiling is caused by braking heat transferring from the rotors and pads directly into the fluid through the caliper pistons. When brake fluid boils, it releases air that is normally part of the molecular structure of the fluid. This air is compressible, of course, so brake pedal pressure compresses this air instead of pushing brake fluid and moving the caliper pistons. The brake pedal goes to the floor. Production street cars tend to suffer from this on track days because they don't have the extensive cooling ducts and exotic brake materials found on race cars. Race-only brake calipers generally come with titanium caliper pistons for one reason: titanium has very low thermal conductivity, which means it's bad at transferring heat. That's good if you're trying to keep your brake fluid from boiling. Here's a comparison of materials and their relative thermal conductivity ratings in Watts per meter-Kelvin (lower is better): Titanium 6AL-4V = 6.7 W/mK Steel = 52 W/mK Aluminum = 130 W/mK Most fixed calipers use aluminum pistons which are, unfortunately, excellent at transferring braking heat to your brake fluid. Our solution is to place Girodisc's thin titanium shims between each brake pad and the caliper pistons. This helps prevent braking heat from transferring into the pistons and, thus, into the fluid. For cars that are going to see hard driving or multiple track days, these shims are affordable protection against losing your brake pedal at the worst possible time, making your track day very expensive. Water-jet cut to exact size, so there's no cutting, grinding, or swearing involved. Price is per axle (four shims)

Girodisc Titanium Brake Pad Shields Fitment: Porsche 991, 992, GT4 Rear The problem of brake fluid boiling is due to heat transferring from the rotors and pads directly into the fluid through the caliper pistons. When brake fluid boils, it releases air that is normally part of the molecular structure of the fluid. This air is compressible, of course, and the brake pedal goes to the floor instead of moving the caliper pistons. Production cars tend to suffer from this on track days because they don't have the extensive cooling ducts and exotic brake materials found on race cars. Race-only brake calipers generally come with titanium caliper pistons for one reason: titanium has low thermal conductivity. This means it's very bad at transferring heat, which is good if you're trying to keep your brake fluid from boiling. Here's a comparison of materials and their relative thermal conductivity ratings (lower is better): Titanium 6AL-4V = 6.7 W/mk Steel = 52 W/mk Aluminum = 130 W/mk Most fixed calipers use aluminum pistons which are, unfortunately, excellent at transferring braking heat to your brake fluid. Our solution is to place Girodisc's thin titanium shims between the brake pad and the caliper pistons. This helps prevent braking heat from transferring into the pistons and, thus, into the fluid. For cars that are going to see hard or multiple track days, these shims are affordable protection from losing your brake pedal at the wrong time and making your track day very expensive. Water jet cut to exact size; no cutting, grinding, or swearing involved. Price is per axle (four shims)

All in one conversion package for your PCCB-equipped Porsche.  No need to destroy those beautiful Porsche Carbon Ceramic Brake rotors at the track.  Save yourself $20k, place those PCCB's on the shelf in the garage and save them for tip-top resale when it comes time to trade your Porsche for the next latest and greatest track weapon from Weissach. No guess-work needed, we assembled everything needed for your conversion.