CYBER MONDAY SAVINGS!

Bell GP.3 Sport SA2020 Helmet The Bell GP3 combines traditional Formula 1 styling, a versatile air intake system, a Double Screen Anti-Fog (DSAF) visor shield, and a lightweight carbon composite shell with leading-edge aerodynamic performance. A great option for open-wheel racers and karters who demand professional features, performance and comfort, the GP3 Sport gives you maximum ventilation and a clear view even in the toughest track conditions. BELL GP.3 SPORT AUTO RACING HELMET FEATURES Lightweight composite shell Homologations: Snell SA2020 and FIA 8859-2015 approved Advanced multi-density, multi-piece liner to maximize energy absorption and impact performance Optical grade injection molded Double Screen Anti-Fog (DSAF) visor Versatile ventilation system featuring lower front chin bar ventilation and upper manual lever air intake  Vents can be open or closed   Front duckbill (chin spoiler) for improved aerodynamic performance Compatible with Bell’s rear spoilers, top gurney, and chin bar gurneys (available separately) for enhanced stability at high speeds Integrated channels in face piece offer multiple options to install drink tube and radio system M6 terminals for FHR anchor attachment, homologated for use with approved head and neck devices Synthetic rubber gasket seal to prevent dirt and water entering the helmet Shield and pivot kit: SE03, SV(SE03/SE05) ADDITIONAL HELMET SHIELDS FOR THE BELL GP.2 HELMET AVAILABLE HERE BELL GP.3 SPORT AUTO RACING HELMET COLORS AN SIZES Colors: White or Matte Black Sizes: S, M, L, XL   BELL GP.3 SPORT AUTO RACING HELMET SIZE CHART Add a Competition Motorsport Performance Racing Helmet Bag and keep your new BELL GP.3 racing helmet safe and secure throughout each race weekend.  

Bell RS7C LTWT Carbon Fiber Helmet SA2020 Cutting-Edge Protection in a Lightweight Package Based on the design of the range-topping Bell HP7, the Bell RS7 LTWT features an extraordinary lightweight carbon-composite shell made using Bell’s high-pressure proprietary molding system. The Bell RS7 LTWT Carbon's innovative shell and shield design improve acoustic comfort, aerodynamic performance, and energy absorption. The Double Screen Anti-Fog (DSAF) shield and rubber eye port gasket ensure air, water, and dust don't enter the helmet. Bell RS7C LTWT Carbon Fiber Helmet Size Chart Bell RS7C LTWT Carbon Fiber Helmet Details Manufacturer: Bell Helmets Manufacturer part number: 1237A Certification: Snell SA2020 Construction: aerospace grade ultra-light carbon fiber shell Color: carbon matte clear Shield: Bell 3mm SE07 Shield included: clear optical-grade injection molded Double Screen Anti-Fog (DSAF) Sizes: 54cm to 61cm+ HANS anchors: factory installed Ear cups: included Pivot kit: SV(SE07, SE077) Bell RS7C LTWT Additional Features Advanced multi-density, multi-piece liner maximizes energy absorption and impact performance Multi-purpose fitment system with or without included ear cups Top and chin bar ventilation system with 14 intake and extraction channels Interior ventilation channels maximize air flow Shell and shield optimized to improve aerodynamic performance Integrated channels for drink tube and radio systems Top spoiler, top gurney and chin-bar gurney available separately Top air attachments available separately Additional Bell RS7C LTWT Carbon Fiber helmet shields available here

Bell Racing GTX.3 SA2020 Helmet   With its refined, aerodynamic design and lightweight carbon composite shell, the Bell Racing Helmets GTX.3 Composite SA2020 helmet provides the best performance and pro features for open wheel, open compartment, karting, formula and dirt track racers. This Bell GTX.3 Composite SA2020 has an integrated shield and dual screen anti-fog (DSAF) visor with rear-facing vents which are ideal for these forms of racing, allowing for air exchange and unobstructed vision without worrying about dust and dirt. Bell Racing GTX.3 Auto Racing Helmet SIZE CHART Bell Racing GTX.3 Auto Racing Helmet Features Snell SA2020 and FIA 8859-2015 homologation Includes clear SE03 3mm DSAF shield (SV SE03/05 pivot system) with DSAF anti-fog insert Sleek aero styling with integrated wing Front chin bar Gurney ("duckbill") improves high-speed aerodynamic performance Venturi airflow system lets fresh air in, hollow synthetic rubber gasket seal keeps dirt, water and dust out High-strength, lightweight carbon-composite construction using new high-pressure molding system Multi-piece, multi-density high-impact custom bead absorbing liner for low- and high-velocity impact protection Ultra-plush grey Comfort-Max FR® interior fabric wicks away moisture Install integrated drinking tube and radio microphone systems with the integrated face piece channels Multi-density foam interior and contoured cheek pads offer a professional fit Standard-sized eye port M6 terminal hardware and hex wrench for Head and Neck Restraint devices Additional visor shields for the Bell Racing GTX.3 available here. Add a Competition Motorsport Performance Racing Helmet Bag and keep your new Bell Racing GTX.3 racing helmet safe and secure throughout each race weekend.

Alpinestars SuperMono v2 Racing Shoes The Alpinestars SuperMono v2 has been designed and engineered to give drivers the ultimate in performance fit and feel. The SuperMono v2 is an ultra-lightweight racing shoe constructed using premium materials with every component reduced in order to save weight. Featuring a new "sock" construction designed to deliver a more sock-like fit, this shoe has a more contoured, sculpted shape to better adapt to the lines of the feet. The SuperMono v2 features a minimal, fuss free construction for maximum lightness, with strategically placed perforated zones for exceptional ventilation. The elastic fireproof "sock" and tongue combines lightweight technology and unsurpassed levels of comfort, for enhanced general performance and an optimized fit. Additional hidden instep fit adjustment for a precise, secure and comfortable fit. Strategically-positioned perforation zones on the lateral and medial sides and the front toe for collar for optimized ventilation, breathability and comfort. Main closure made by hook and loop for ease of use. Lightweight micro-porous padding around the heel and insole entrance for enhanced comfort while driving. Collar padding constructed from nitrile rubber for comfort and light weight. Insole in Texon and micro-porous material on the upper for comfort and light weight. Micro-porous heel for additional shock absorbing and light weight. ALPINESTARS SUPERMONO RACE SHOE CONSTRUCTION Main upper constructed from bovine leather for exceptional comfort and durability Elastic collar features silicon printing for durability Front and rear pull tabs for easy entry and a precise fit Perforated inner gusset padding for improved comfort and breathability Lightweight micro-porous padding around the heel and footbed for enhanced driver comfort All graphic detailing on the leather uses transfer technology for weight saving Lace Lock system ensures the shoe fits comfortably and securely ALPINESTARS SUPERMONO RACE SHOE PROTECTION Complies with SFI 3.3/5 homologation standards Para-Aramidic tubular lining for excellent heat-resistance, weight saving, and strength

Sparco K-Skid Kart Racing Shoe The Sparco K-Skid is a premium karting shoe engineered for top-level performance and comfort. Designed with an ultra-soft perforated leather upper and offset closure system, it moves pressure away from the top of your foot for a more comfortable, secure fit. The stretch rear collar enhances flexibility, while a cushioned insole and anti-slip sole ensure precise control and lasting comfort. With a sleek, modern design and advanced materials, the K-Skid provides outstanding pedal feel, breathability, and grip. Whether competing at national events or perfecting laps at an indoor track, this shoe gives racers the control, feedback, and confidence they need to perform at their peak. Features Lightweight perforated leather and 3D mesh upper for maximum airflow Offset lace closure for pressure-free comfort and secure fit Molded rubber sole with specialized tread for precision grip Cushioned insole and heel support for extended comfort Stretch rear collar enhances ankle mobility Textured leather side protection for abrasion resistance Ultra-slim anti-static pure rubber outsole with high grip Ideal for indoor and outdoor high-performance karting Size Chart FAQs What sizes does the K-Skid come in? Available in EU sizes 36–48. Refer to the Sparco size chart above for best fit. Are kart racing shoes fireproof? No. Karting shoes like the K-Skid are not fireproof—flame resistance is required only for FIA auto racing, not karting. Can I use Sparco K-Skid shoes for indoor karting? Yes. The ventilated upper and high-grip sole make them perfect for indoor karting. What makes kart racing shoes different from sneakers? Kart shoes feature thin, high-grip soles for pedal sensitivity and reinforced structure to handle high lateral forces. Do kart racing shoes improve performance? Yes. They enhance pedal feel, reduce fatigue, and improve traction for consistent, confident driving. How should kart racing shoes fit? They should fit snugly without pressure points for maximum control and sensitivity. How do I clean them? Wipe with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid soaking or machine washing. Do I need special socks? Thin, moisture-wicking socks are recommended for better comfort and fit. How does the K-Skid compare to K-Rapid or K-Prime? The K-Skid is Sparco’s top-tier karting shoe, offering lighter materials, better ventilation, and a more advanced fit. Competition Motorsport | sales@competitionmotorsport.com | (844) 438-7244

Sparco Martini Racing Land Nomex Glove In the golden years of rally racing, Sparco and Martini Racing contributed to the triumphs of the best drivers in the world. Now, with this renewed partnership, fans of the Martini Racing historical livery have access to reproductions of the original Sparco products. All reproductions have been updated with the newest Sparco technologies and carry current FIA homologations. The Sparco Martini Racing Land glove provides excellent protection and feedback. The classic design features Martini Racing and Sparco logos in “period correct” embroidered patches. The palm features an ergonomic design with reinforced stitching that conforms to the hand’s position. The glove has anti-slip suede fingertips and provide grip and feedback. The elastic wrist and wide range of sizes helps ensure proper fitment. Colors: Navy or Red. The Martini Racing Land is FIA approved. Sparco Martini Racing Glove Details Period-correct embroidered Martini Racing patches Ergonomic palm design with reinforced stitching conforms to the hand’s position Suede grip for finger tips and palm Elastic wrist support FIA 8856-2018 approved

Bell Racing GT6 Pro Helmet SA2020   The Bell Racing GT6 Pro auto racing helmet features the same modern and aggressive design as HP6, developed for racers in closed-car environments and featuring a wide eyeport for extended vision with a lightweight Premium carbon glass shell. Its ventilation slots can be connected to various types of air intakes for external cooling systems. It can be fitted with optional ear cups providing optimal noise insulation, with fully integrated radio communication kit and hydration systems (available separately or in GT6 RD Titanium version). Bell GT6 Pro Auto Racing Helmet Features Lightweight premium carbon/fiberglass composite shell FIA 8859-2015 and Snell SA2020 homologated Wide eye port for excellent vision in closed-cockpit cars Advanced multi-density, multi-piece liner maximizes energy absorption and impact performance Integrated channels in face piece offer multiple options to install drink tube and radio systems Extraction vents maximize cooling and air circulation Factory-installed HANS anchors Optional top forced-air intake can be installed on the left or right top side vents for use with an external cooling system Optional ear cups increase noise insulation Interior: Dark Grey high-strength, high comfort FR fabric Additional Bell Racing GT6 Pro Helmet Visors Are Available Here Bell GT6 Pro Auto Racing Helmet Colors The Bell GT6 Pro is availabile in your choice of Gloss White or Matte Black. Bell GT6 Pro Auto Racing Helmet Size Chart What Comes in the Bell GT6 Pro Box? Bell Racing GT6 Pro auto helmet Clear SE06 3mm DSAF shield (installed) Drawstring helmet pouch Plastic tear-off posts (installed) Hex wrench key Finally, add the Competition Motorsport Performance Racing Helmet Bag to your order to keep your new Bell GT6 Pro auto racing helmet safe and secure going to and from the track, and throughout each race weekend.

Bell GT6 Carbon Fiber Auto Racing Helmet   Discover the Bell GT6 Carbon Fiber Helmet - Your Competitive Edge The Bell Helmets GT6 Carbon Fiber racing helmet features the same modern and aggressive design at Bell's iconic HP6 helmet. Developed for racers in closed-cockpit cars, the Bell GT6 Carbon Fiber features an ultra-lightweight premium carbon shell with a wide eyeport for extended field-of-view. Its ventilation slots can be connected to various types of external air cooling systems. And it can be fitted with optional ear cups providing optimal noise insulation. Fully integrated radio communication and hydration systems are available separately, or come factory-installed in the Bell GT6 RD Carbon Fiber. Bell Racing GT6 Carbon Fiber Helmet Details Manufacturer: Bell Helmets Manufacturer part no.: 12390 Homologation: FIA8859-2015 and Snell SA2020 Sizes: 54cm (6 3/4) to 61cm+ (7 5/8+) Construction: Ultra-lightweight premium carbon-composite shell Color: Gloss carbon fiber Interior: Dark grey high-strength, high comfort FR fabric Shield: SE06 3mm DSAF Factory installed HANS anchors: yes Bell GT6 Carbon Fiber Helmet key Features Wide eye port for optimal field-of-view in closed-cockpit cars Advanced multi-density, multi-piece liner maximizes energy absorption and impact performance Integrated channels for optional drink tube and radio systems Extraction vents maximize cooling air circulation Optional top- and side-air intakes available Optional ear cups for increased noise insulation Alternative interior fabric colors are available by special order: Tan, White, Red, Purple, Blue, Green and Neon Yellow Bell GT6 Carbon Fiber Helmet Size Chart   Included in the Bell Racing GT6 Carbon Fiber Box Bell Racing GT6 Carbon Fiber helmet Clear SE06 3mm DSAF shield (installed) Drawstring helmet sack Plastic tear-off posts (installed) Hex wrench key  

OMP Sport Gloves FIA 8856-2018  Fire Retardant Comfortable and Resistant Racing Gloves The OMP Sport Gloves deliver FIA 8856-2018 fire protection with a lightweight, comfortable feel that works well for HPDE drivers, autocross competitors, and club racers looking for reliable grip and durability at an accessible price point. Fire-resistant performance designed for track use Features Silicone-printed palm provides a secure, confident grip on the wheel in all conditions. Elastic wrist entry allows easy on/off while maintaining a snug, secure fit. Lightweight construction designed for comfort during long sessions. Available in multiple colors to coordinate with OMP suits, shoes, or gear. Certified to FIA 8856-2018 for competition use. OMP Sport Gloves FIA 8856-2018 Fire Retardant Comfortable and Resistant Racing Gloves FAQs Are these gloves approved for wheel-to-wheel racing? Yes, the FIA 8856-2018 homologation allows them to be used in competitive racing events that require certified fire-resistant driver gear. How do the OMP Sport Gloves fit compared to other OMP gloves? They follow OMP’s standard fit profile, with a slightly snug feel that breaks in after a few sessions. Most drivers take their usual OMP glove size. Do the silicone palms offer good grip when the wheel gets hot? Yes, the printed silicone maintains grip even as the steering wheel warms up during extended track sessions. Are these good for beginners or occasional track-day drivers? They are ideal for HPDE, autocross, Time Trial, and entry-level racing thanks to their comfort, affordability, and modern FIA certification. Step up to a certified racing glove that keeps your hands protected, comfortable, and in control every lap.

Sparco Prime-R Racing Shoes The Sparco Prime-R race shoe was originally designed for Formula One use and is currently being used by Formula One drivers. Formula One teams are always pushing for weight reductions and that push creates innovative solutions.  The Prime-R is one of the lightest race shoes available. It features an soft kangaroo leather upper with a full Velcro closure system. The lightweight perforated Velcro closure covers a breathable cloth tongue which is extremely comfortable. The Sparco Prime-R has their next generation sole made in pure lightweight rubber which enhances the pedal feel and is also anti-static, fuel and oil resistant. The sole was designed with stiffness optimized for vehicles that require maximum brake pedal force. Sparco Prime-R Racing Shoe Features FIA 8856-2018 and SFI 3.3/5 homologated Fully inkjet printed for weight savings Kangaroo leather uppers Perforations for maximum breathability High abrasion-resistant leather inserts Ultralight flat laces Strap for blocking laces and ankle with ultra-grip velcro Comfortable insole Anti-perspiration, breathable lining Padded tongue in ultra-breathable fabric Thin rubber sole with differentiated grip texture

Alpinestars SuperMono v2 Racing Shoes Exclusive LIBERTY Limited Edition Designed to show your support for the United States and to capture the spirit of the US Formula One track in Austin, TX! The Alpinestars SuperMono v2 is engineered to give drivers the ultimate in performance fit and feel. It is an ultra-lightweight racing shoe constructed using premium materials with every component optimized in order to save weight. Featuring a new "sock" construction designed to deliver a more sock-like fit, the SuperMono v2 has a more contoured, sculpted shape to better adapt to the lines of the feet Its minimal, fuss free construction gives you maximum lightness with strategically placed perforated zones for exceptional ventilation. Maximum Comfort. Minimum Weight. The elastic fireproof "sock" and tongue combines lightweight technology and unsurpassed levels of comfort, for enhanced general performance and an optimized fit. Additional hidden instep adjustment for a precise, secure and comfortable fit. Strategically-positioned perforation zones on the lateral and medial sides and the front toe for collar for optimized ventilation, breathability and comfort. Main closure made by hook and loop for ease of use. Lightweight micro-porous padding around the heel and insole entrance for enhanced comfort while driving. Collar padding constructed from nitrile rubber for comfort and light weight. Insole in Texon and micro-porous material on the upper for comfort and light weight. Micro-porous heel for additional shock absorbing and light weight. Alpinestars SuperMono v2 Construction Main upper constructed from bovine leather for exceptional comfort and durability Elastic collar features silicon printing for durability Front and rear pull tabs for easy entry and a precise fit Perforated inner gusset padding for improved comfort and breathability Lightweight micro-porous padding around the heel and footbed for enhanced driver comfort All graphic detailing on the leather uses transfer technology for weight saving Lace Lock system ensures the shoe fits comfortably and securely Alpinestars SuperMono v2 Protection Complies with SFI 3.3/5 homologation standards Para-aramidic tubular lining for excellent heat-resistance, weight saving, and strength

HJC H70 Top Air Auto Racing Helmet   Whether you're navigating the sand dunes of Baja or on the banked turns of the Nürburgring, HJC Motorsports has you covered with the release of its most versatile helmet to date: the all-new H70. Designed with a straightforward approach, the H70 is at home in nearly any driving conditions with the help of a few key attachments already in the box: a rear spoiler for open-cockpit driving and a top forced-air kit for vehicles outfitted with filtered air systems. Complete with factory installed M6 terminals for your favorite head and neck restraint, the HJC H70 will have you ready to take on your favorite race track anywhere in the world. HJC H70 AUTO RACING TOP AIR HELMET FEATURES Snell SA2020 and FIA 8859-2015 approved Advanced Fiberglass Composite Shell (with two shell sizes, XS-M and L-XXL) Advanced Air Circulation System: two front intakes and eight top vents Fire resistant moisture-wicking removable and washable cheek pads and head liner Polycarbonate anti-fog shield with tear-off posts Double D-ring retention system Pre-installed M6 terminals for head and neck restraints Optional shields available: Amber, Dark Smoke, Dark Blue, Fire Red, and Black Chrome Sizes: XS - XXL HJC H70 AUTO RACING TOP AIR HELMET INCLUDED ACCESSORIES Vent Plugs (8 pcs) Lower Vent Cover Top Forced Air Rear Spoiler ADDITIONAL SHIELDS AVAILABLE HERE Add a Competition Motorsport Performance Racing Helmet Bag and keep your new HJC H70 racing helmet safe and secure throughout each race weekend.  

Sparco Prime-T Racing Shoes The Prime-T racing shoe was originally designed by Sparco for Formula One use and is currently being used by Formula One drivers. Formula One teams are always pushing for weight reductions and that push inspires innovative solutions. The Prime-T is one of the lightest race shoes available. It features a soft leather upper with a full Velcro closure system. The lightweight perforated Velcro closure covers a breathable cloth tongue which is extremely comfortable. The Prime-T has the next generation sole made in pure lightweight rubber which enhances the pedal feel and is also anti-static, fuel and oil resistant. The sole is was designed with a stiff setting for vehicles that require maximum pedal force for braking. The Prime-T is available in European sizes 37-48. SPARCO Prime-T Racing Shoe Technology Ultra-lightweight soft leather construction Velcro closure system Stiff sole for maximum pedal feel FIA approved 8856-2018

Sparco Air Pro RF-5W 1977 Auto Racing Helmet   The Air Pro RF-5W 1977 is a painted version of the Sparco Air Pro RF-5W. This retro inspired helmet has a white base with blue or red stripes beneath a durable clear coat finish. The Sparco Air Pro RF-5W 1977 features a Carbon-Kevlar and fiberglass construction with a wider eye opening that can be used for open wheel or closed cockpit driving. Multiple exterior vents increase air circulation throughout a redesigned interior. This interior has channels that cool the driver, plus additional channels routing air towards the visor to reduce the chance of visor fogging. The Sparco Air Pro RF-5W 1977 has removable, washable padding that can be repositioned for a comfortably personalized fit. All interior seams have been removed from areas where greater pressure is exerted on the head. The Air Pro RF-5W 1977 has been designed to accommodate a drink tube and an intercom system (both sold separately). Available in white with blue or red stripes, the Sparco Air Pro RF-5W 1977 has HANS posts pre-installed. Snell SA2020 and FIA 8859-2015 approved. Sparco Racing Helmets History of Innovation and Excellence Today's Sparco auto racing helmet line is the result of over 40 years of research and development experience, including wind tunnel testing. The new range was designed to meet the requirements of both Snell SA2020 and FIA 8859-2015 ratings. To meet these requirements Sparco introduced new innovations for driver safety and comfort. All auto racing shells now have layers of Carbon-Kevlar for greater strength. Sparco helmets have been wind-tunnel tested to maximize exterior vent placement and air flow. The EPS interiors and padding have also been redesigned for increased air flow and driver comfort. Sparco also introduced a new size: Medium/Large. This M/L size takes advantage of using the smaller helmet shell which is lighter and more compact. Sparco Air Pro RF-5W 1977 Auto Racing Helmet Sizing XS (54cm) Small (55-56cm) Medium (57-58cm) Medium/Large (59cm) Large (60cm) XL (61cm) XXL (62cm) Sparco Air Pro RF-5W 1977 Auto Racing Helmet Features Painted retro design Lightweight carbon-kevlar/fiberglass construction New Medium/Large size uses lighter, more compact shell Anodized aluminum chin strap hardware Removable, washable lining Wind tunnel optimized venting with anti-fog air channels Pre-molded interior to accommodate accessories like drink tubes and an intercom system (accessories sold separately) Snell SA2020 and FIA 8859-2015 approved Additional Sparco RF-5W Pro helmet shields available here. Don't forget to check out the Competition Motorsport Performance Racing Helmet Bag, the perfect way to keep your new Sparco Air Pro RF-5W 1977 auto racing helmet safe and secure throughout each race weekend. Proper Helmet Fitment The most effective helmet is one that fits properly. To measure your head, have an assistant use a dressmaker's tape or a piece of string to measure the circumference of your head. Start at a point about an inch above your eyebrows, looping around the back of your head at the point that results in the largest measurement, and finally around to the front again. It's a good idea to take two or three measurements to make sure you have the largest one. This helmet will ship with signature required for delivery.

Bell GT6 RD Carbon Fiber Helmet With Communications System Factory Installed Derived from Bell HP6, the Bell GT6 RD Carbon features the same modern and aggressive design developed for racers in closed-car environments, featuring a wide eyeport for extended vision with an ultra-lightweight Premium carbon shell. Its ventilation slots can be connected to various types of air intakes for external cooling systems. The GT6 RD is fitted with a fully-integrated radio communication kit, including a front-mounted microphone and ear cup speakers providing excellent sound along with insulation from external noise. The kit includes a wired four-pin male IMSA radio connector. Bell GT6 RD Carbon Fiber Helmet Size Chart Bell GT6 RD Carbon Fiber Helmet Details: Manufacturer: Bell Helmets Manufacturer part number: 123912 Construction: Ultra-light premium carbon-composite shell Homologation: FIA 8859-2015 and Snell SA2020 Factory installed HANS anchors: yes Interior: dark grey high-strength, high-comfort FR fabric Color: carbon, gloss finish Sizes: 6 3/4 (54cm) to 7 5/8+ (61cm+) Bell GT6 RD Carbon Fiber Helmet Additional Features: Factory-installed communication system with microphone and ear cups (IMSA connector) Wide eye port for better vision in closed cockpit cars Advanced multi-density, multi-piece liner maximizes energy absorption and impact performance Integrated channels for optional drink tube (not included) Extraction vents maximize cooling air ventilation Optional top- and side-air intakes available for use with external cooling system Ear cups increase noise insulation What's In The Bell GT6 RD Carbon Box: GT6 Carbon Fiber helmet Installed communications Hans anchors Clear Bell SE06 3mm DSAF shield Draw-string helmet bag Plastic tear-off posts installed Hex wrench key Drink tube system (shown in photos for illustrative purposes) is not included.